Walden University Wk 9 Interview on Racial Profiling Summary In this week’s Workshop, you will document your experience of moving from interview to data an | Course Hero

Walden University Wk 9 Interview on Racial Profiling Summary In this week’s Workshop, you will document your experience of moving from interview to data and compare your experiences of verbatim transcription and summary transcription. You will also conduct a peer debrief of your classmate’s interview while he or she debriefs yours.

Qualitative data analysis begins with the onset of the data collection process. This means that your very first interview becomes the launch point for identifying codes (bits of data that have a particular meaning in the context of your research question), categories (groups of codes), and themes (groups of categories that share a specific meaning). The notes that you took during and after your interview will also provide cues and clues as to what the data will reveal about the phenomenon of interest. Remember to identify clearly your “notable” quotes.
Consider that the intent of your interview was directed by your chosen approach. So, in your transcription and organization of your data, use the text-processing capabilities (formatting, styles, comments) to consistently indicate across data sources (your interviews, journal notes, audit trails) which question goes with which answer. Highlight the key elements that focus the approach you have chosen. The following are some examples:
Type of Approach

What to Highlight

Phenomenological What is seen/experienced (not interpreted)
Hermeneutics Units of meaning and intention
Narrative Turning points of the story
Ethnography Environmental observations; stated meanings from interactions among culture members
Theory-driven Sensitizing concepts (identifying words and key phrases that epitomize the theoretical or conceptual framework)
Grounded theory Open coding (identifying properties and “dimensions” of concepts)
BY DAY 4
Transcribe your first interview. Use a transcription service or do it yourself.
For your second interview, use a summative technique (e.g., Halcomb & Davidson, 2006) of audio tape, interview notes, and journal notes to create a detailed summary.
Provide your debriefing partner with the audio (if possible) and transcript of one interview.
Write in your unique thread a statement in which you compare and contrast the two ways of turning interviews into data. Consider which approach gets you “closer” to the experience of the participant and which approach gets you “deeper” into seeing potential patterns and categories. Access through your institution
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Applied Nursing Research
Volume 19, Issue 1, February 2006, Pages 38-42
Clinical Methods
Is verbatim transcription of interview data always necessary?
Elizabeth J. Halcomb RN, BN (Hons), IC Cert a
, Patricia M. Davidson RN, ITC, BA, MEd, PhD, MRCNA a, b, 1
Show more
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apnr.2005.06.001
Get rights and content
Abstract
Verbatim transcription of interview data has become a common data management strategy in
nursing research and is widely considered to be integral to the analysis and interpretation of
verbal data. As the benefits of verbal data are becoming more widely embraced in health care
research, interviews are being increasingly used to collect information for a wide range of
purposes. In addition to purely qualitative investigations, there has been a significant increase
in the conduct of mixed-method inquiries. This article examines the issues surrounding the
conduct of interviews in mixed-method research, with particular emphasis on the
transcription and data analysis phases of data management. It also debates on the necessity to
transcribe all audiorecorded interview data verbatim, particularly in relation to mixed-method
investigations. Finally, it provides an alternative method to verbatim transcription of
managing audiorecorded interview data.
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Copyright © 2006 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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Managing Your Qualitative Data:
5 Easy Steps
Qualitative Data Analysis
Class Session 2
224.691
Signs of poor data management
Š You don’t know how many interviews/FGDs etc.
have been conducted
Š Your data are scattered among computers or file
cabinets
Š Your data are left out in the open when not being
used
Š Your file names are creating confusion—which
interview transcript is the most complete one?
Š You can’t locate consent forms for all your data
Š Transcription/translation is incomplete or
incorrect
5 Easy Steps to Good Data
Management
Š Choose and follow a clear file naming
system
Š Develop a data tracking system
Š Establish and document
transcription/translation procedures
Š Establish quality control procedures
Š Establish a Realistic Timeline
Step 1: Create a File Naming
System
Š This is an essential part of good data
management
Š Consistency will save you many headaches
Š Print the file name on footer of all study
documents
Š
Š
Š
Š
Š
Š
Š
Š
Š
Š
Š
Common Problems with File
Naming
Interv.doc
Interv2.doc
Writeup.doc
Fred.1.doc
Fred.2.doc
Fred.3.doc
Focusgrp.doc
Focusgrp2.doc
Focusgrp3.doc
Tubercul.int.doc
Interv on August 3 2006 in West Baltimore.doc
File Names
Š What are the qualities of a good file name?
Elements you might include in a
naming system
Š Participant ID number (if appropriate)
Š Type of data collection method
Š Site of data collection (e.g. country, region,
community, clinic)
Š Interviewer or other relevant team member
Š Date of data collection
Š Demographic or other codes you anticipate
may be meaningful for your analysis
See Example from Project Accept
Š Site
Š Interview number (sequential)
Š Community (control vs. intervention +
community number)
Š Household code (numeric code)
Š Interview type (baseline, 6-month, 15month, 30 month)
Š Demographic code
Exercise: Your File Naming
Convention
Š Think about what file naming convention
would be appropriate for your data.
Š What information will it include?
Š Give an example
Step 2: Create a Data Tracking
System
Š Details will depend on the size and
complexity of the research study.
Š Example for a large study:
– Data (e.g. digital audio) and consent form is
brought to office by interviewer
– Coordinator reviews consent form for
completeness and files it
– Data manager or coordinator downloads
audio file and gives it a file name
– Coordinator creates MS word file, names it
according to convention, prepares a cover
sheet, and assigns to a transcriber
Step 2: Create a Data Tracking
System (cont.)
– Transcriber completes work and returns file to
coordinator
– Coordinator does QC & assigns file to a
translator
– Translator completes and returns document
to coordinator
– Coordinator does QC & assigns transcript to
coder
– Coder completes work and submits to
coordinator
– Coordinator does QC & finalizes document for
analysis
Step 2: Create a Data Tracking
System (cont.)
Š What challenges have you experienced in
keeping your own data organized?
Š What tracking procedures would you
recommend for a smaller study (your own
or one you’ve been involved with)?
Step 3: Establish transcription
procedures
Š Who should transcribe?
Interviewers:
– They can recall details that may not be clearly
recorded (pro)
– They may not have requisite computer skills
(con)
– They probably require training (con?)
– They will have less time to conduct interviews
because transcription is time-consuming (con)
Step 3: Establish transcription
procedures (cont.)
Professional Transcription Services:
– They can save you a lot of time! (pro)
– They can be expensive (con)
– Quality can vary tremendously, requires
vigilance and oversight (con)
Hire your own transcription staff:
– Requires training and oversight (con?)
– Develops in-house expertise (pro)
– Control over process in your hands (pro)
What to transcribe?
Entirety or selected parts?
– Pros and cons of each
– Case study
Always verbatim, include
– Elisions
– Mispronunciations
– Slang
– Grammatical errors
– Nonverbal sounds
– Background noises
Transcribing conventions
Š Consistency is key
Š Choose a page layout and spacing
format that is easy on the eye and stick
with it
Š Choose a lexicon of symbols to use and
stick with them
Example
…
Ellipses indicate talk omitted from the data
segment.
[]
Square brackets indicating the beginning ([)
and end (]) of overlapping talk.
(.)
A dot enclosed in parentheses indicates a short
silence.
((Laughing)) Double parenthesis enclose transcriber’s
comments.
()
Empty parentheses indicate that some talk
was not audible or interpretable at all.
:
Colons indicate an elongated syllable; the more
colons, the more the syllable or the sound is
stretched.
Overlapping Talk
I: Whether it is right or wrong, but you are
the one, who know as a resident of this
community.
P:Yes, yes.
I: So if there are questions, which you feel
that you are not comfortable to answer,
[feel free…
P:Okay]
Trascriber’s Comment & Elongation
I: Yes
P:No, I was born right here at Sinathingi.
I: Uhm
P:The year w:as ’72 ((1972)) arou::nd ’72.
Talk not interpretable &
overlapping
I: Maybe if you think, can you move again to
Durban?
P:Ey [( )
I: To stay] there.
P:It can depend on the opportunities.
Ensure subject confidentiality
Š What are the issues transcriptionists need
to be aware of in protecting participant
confidentiality?
Š What types of information are in your data
that need protection?
Š How will you provide that protection?
Š What other data management techniques
can you use to protect participant
confidentiality?
To translate or not?
Š Logistical: How much time will it take?
Š Validity: Is the translation accurate? Is the
original meaning distorted? Is anything omitted?
Š “The customer”: Is there a customer for the
translated interviews, and how much time will
this person devote to the analysis?
Š Ownership and control: How does ownership
of the data and control over how data are used
change after translation?
Š Implicit, unintended message: What message
is being conveyed by translating the data?
Considerations in deciding
whether to translate
Š Benefits
– If you plan to do your analysis in English,
then you may have no choice
– For multi-site studies, it allows you to have a
common language for analysis
Š Drawbacks:
– Translation is VERY time consuming
– Translation can be expensive
– Translation requires quality control measures
Common problems in translation
Š Translation is too literal
ITW:
Do your friends drink alcohol?
SYF:
Yes.
ITW:
And you?
SYF:
No.
ITW:
When do they drink? When they get together?
SYF:
When there is a festival.
ITW:
So they go there.
SYF:
Yes.
ITW:
Not so long ago, at time of illicit things
eradication, did your friends involve with it?
SYF:
No. There are not many students in Baan Pong.
The teachers can look all over.
Š Translation is “cleaned up”
– Commercial sex worker vs. whore
– I.V. drug user vs. addict
Š Original word implies a concept that is
culturally unique and has no equivalent
Š Translation can’t gloss the associated
meanings or connotations
– Amy’s example of women becoming
“wild”
Consider using a “Do not translate” list
Š Example: Beer hall research do not
translate list
– Terms used to label a woman who
exchanges sex for cash or goods
– Words for friend or friendship
– Words for beer (various types)
– Words for HIV
– Terms referring to the act of sexual
intercourse
Annotated dictionary/glossary
Š Done for terms that are most important for
your topic
Š Glossary captures the range of meanings
and nuances in the meanings
Š Informs selection of terms to use in health
communication, social marketing, survey
instruments etc.
Annotated dictionary/glossary
Term: Sahwira
Language
Literal meaning
Shona
Ritual Friend (Standard Shona
Dictionary, 1996)
Additional or expanded The word “sahwira” has no direct
translation in English. A “Sahwira” is a
meanings term can
particular type of friend (only malehave
male friends) who are tasked with
performing duties such as representing
each other on ritual occasions or in
family gatherings. Sahwira are chosen
early in life and are kept throughout life.
Step 4: Establish a QC routine
Š Transcription:
– Create a manual to guide the transcription
process
– Monitor the quality of transcription by
comparing the transcribed interviews against
the actual tape (either all or random sample)
– Do this more often in the beginning to catch
and correct problems early in the process
– Provide feedback to transcriptionist/translator
and ask then to make corrections
– Keep tabs on frequent or systemic mistakes in
translation/transcription and provide on-going
training
Step 5: Planning your time
Š Giving yourself enough time will avoid rushed
work that lends itself to data chaos
Š Be harshly realistic when establishing a timeline
Š Consider all the activities you or your team will
have to engage in. Some of these are hidden.
– Locating the participant (may take more than
one try)
– Setting up equipment, greeting people,
building rapport
– Time to review and revise, correct problems,
give and receive feedback
Sample Time Allocation
Travel to Site & Locate Participant
Consent & Conduct Interview
Download and prepare file
Transcribe
Translate
Code
Conduct QC
Make Corrections
0
2
4
6
8
10
Running head: RACIAL PROFILING DISCRIMINATION THE UNITED STATES
1
Part One
Development of interview questions on the research question: What are the reasons behind
racial profiling of the black community at the hands of the police in the United States?
Opening Remarks Before the Interview
Thank you for agreeing to be interviewed by me regrinding this sensitive issue of racial
profiling of the black population by police in the United States. Young black males are the most
profiled, and we would like to have your opinion on this social issue and how it has affected you
as a young black male in this country.
1. What is your age group?18-34, 35-49, 50-64, over 65
i. 18 – 34
2. What state and city where you born and raised?
i. I was born and raised in Cleveland, Ohio
b. If you have lived in any different states and cities, please mention them? n/a
3. What is, do you do for a living?
i. Assistant manager at Panera Bread
b. If you work in a white-collar profession, please name the profession that you
work in? n/a
c. If you are in the informal sector, please mention the sectors that you work in? n./a
4. Do you believe the issue of racial profiling on blacks by police offers in America is an
issue that happens?
i. I do believe that the police racial profiling blacks is a serious issue.
5. Have you ever been stopped and questioned by the police?
a. If yes, how did they treat you
RACIAL PROFILING DISCRIMINATION THE UNITED STATES
2
i. I was recently stopped by the police for failure to use my turn signal. I felt
the officer was extremely aggressive towards me when he talked and when
he snatched my licences and insurance card. I felt like he was trying to get
a negative reaction.
b. Do you think they treated you with the dignity that is always shown to white
males?
i. I don’t feel like I was treated in any way like a white male would have
been.
c. Explain how differently you think the police treated you?
i. I believe if I was white the officer would have been more relaxed. He
wouldn’t have snatched my cards or have been so uptight while talking to
me.
6. Did the police let you go or did they arrest you?
i. I was let go after I received my ticket.
b. If yes, what were the charges that were brought against you?
i. I was cited for going 40mph in the 25mph
c. How was the case brought against you resolved in the long run?
i. I paid the ticket without going to court and received points on my driver
licence. This caused my insurance premium to go up.
7. Do you believe you were treated fairly in this process?
i. I believe that I was treated unfairly in this process
b. If no is your answer, can you describe as to why you think so n/a
RACIAL PROFILING DISCRIMINATION THE UNITED STATES
3
c. Do you believe that there was an element of race in the way the police and the
whole Justice system treated you?
i. I do feel as though race place a huge factor in the way that I was treated
d. Please explain if you think race was a factor on how the police and the system
treated you?
i. The reason that I feel that race plays a factor is because when you hear
about all the blacks that are being killed by the police for no real reason it
instilled fear and uncertainty in my mind because I never know what the
outcome would be and one wrong move I could have lost my life. Also, as
a white cop pulling over a black man you have to be on guard because you
never know what a person may do to you out of fear for their own life.
8. Do you think that the police forces are good institutions that are given a bad name by a
small number of racist police officers?
i. NO
b. If your answer is no, does that mean that the whole system is racist and
encourages individual police to profile against black Americans in the society?
i. I don’t believe that the entire police force is racist or a bad institution.
However, I feel as though there are many officers who took an oath to
protect and serve but they never speak up on what is right and what is
wrong. As an officer if you see one of your fellow officers doing wrong
and you just turn the other check you are just as guilty as they are. Which
is why I feel as though the police force has earned the bad rep that they
currently have.
RACIAL PROFILING DISCRIMINATION THE UNITED STATES
9. Do you believe that black officers in the force profile blacks just as much as their white
counterparts?
i. I don’t believe that black officer profile black as their white counterparts
do
10. What measures do you think should be taken to help reduce the cases of racial profiling
on black Americans by police in American society?
i. I think the police needs to do additional training so that they don’t profile
blacks as much but they also should be held accountable and punished
when they do.
11. Who do you think to hold the greatest responsibility of ending racial profiling by police
in American society?
a. If you believe it is the police that should take the leading role, please expound on
why you believe so?
b. If you believe it is the black community that should take the leading role, please
expound on why you believe so?
i. I feel like as long as people in the black community continue to profile
each other the police will never stop. As a community we want the police
and everyone else to respect us and treat us as equals but we don’t even
respect ourselves or view us as equals
c. If you believe it is the whole society in general that should take the leading role,
please expound on why you believe so?
12. Do you foresee a future where blacks will be free of profiling from police officers in
American society?
4
RACIAL PROFILING DISCRIMINATION THE UNITED STATES
5
i. No
b. If you think this will never happen, please explain why you believe that?
i. Until the black community can learn how to truly support one another with
profiling each other. the police and other races wont stop.
13. Do you have anything else that you would want to share with us?
i.
No
Thank you for taking the time to talk to me about your experience in profiling by the police. The
information you gave me will make a valuable contribution to redesign being undertaken by my
research. By telling me about your experience, you have helped us identify ways to improve it for
others in future. I would be happy to send you a copy of the findings if you would like. Again, thank
you very much for participating in this interview.
RACIAL PROFILING DISCRIMINATION THE UNITED STATES
Reference
Stephen, E. (2016). Police Brutality, Racial Profiling, and Discrimination in the Criminal
Justice System. New York, NY: IGI Global.
6
Running head: RACIAL PROFILING DISCRIMINATION THE UNITED STATES
1
Part One
Development of interview questions on the research question: What are the reasons behind
racial profiling of the black community at the hands of the police in the United States?
Opening Remarks Before the Interview
Thank you for agreeing to be interviewed by me regrinding this sensitive issue of racial
profiling of the black population by police in the United States. Young black males are the most
profiled, and we would like to have your opinion on this social issue and how it has affected you
as a young black male in this country.
1. What is your age group?18-34, 35-49, 50-64, over 65
1. 18-34
2. What state and city where you born and raised?
a. If you have lived in any different states and cities, please mention them?
1. Cleveland, Ohio
3. What is, do you do for a living?
a. If you work in a white-collar profession, please name the profession that you
work in?
b. If you are in the informal sector, please mention the sectors that you work in?
1. State Trooper
4. Do you believe the issue of racial profiling on blacks by police offers in America is an
issue that happens?
1. I believe racial profiling exists in policing. Every pers…
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