HIST 40B New York University Week 4 Freedman Bureau Image Paper Assignment 1: ¡Evaluate and analyze at minimum 2 of the following 5 slides: ¡The Freedman | Course Hero

HIST 40B New York University Week 4 Freedman Bureau Image Paper Assignment 1:

¡Evaluate and analyze at minimum 2 of the following 5 slides:

¡The Freedman’s Bureau image from 1868 (slides 35), the two images on Carpetbaggers (slide 36), The Policy Train (slide 37), The Freedman’s Bureau political cartoon (slide 37), The Great Labor Question (slide 38), and Southern White Nostalgia for Slavery (slide 39)

¡In at least 200 words answer the following questions for each slide:

¡Who is the intended audience for these sources? Why were Northerners depicted this way? Why were African Americans depicted in this way? How do these images depict the Southern attitude toward losing the Civil War? What do these images tell us about Reconstruction in the South? Include at least two clear examples.

¡Be sure to use parenthetical citation so that I know which images you are drawing on and when in your analysis (image, slide #)

Assignment 2(3 pick 2):

¡Discussing at least two assigned primary sources, what can you say about the relationship between the Union and the Confederacy? Use at least two examples.

¡How was life for African Americans during and after Reconstruction similar to and different from life before the Civil War? How successful was Reconstruction? Support your argument with at least 2 different assigned primary source readings and bring in at least two specific examples from the selected readings.

¡Using Tera Hunter and Ida B. Wells discuss what life was like for Black women during Reconstruction and Jim Crow? What was the nature of Black women’s activism? What did freedom mean to Black women?

¡In at least 300 words answer the following questions for each slide: HIST 40B LESSON
4
FROM SLAVERY TO
FREEDOM: THE MANY
MEANINGS OF
RECONSTRUCTION
ARGUMENTS
AGAINST THE
“LOST CAUSE
MYTH” AND THE
ISSUE OF ‘STATES’
RIGHTS IN THE
CIVIL WAR
?
Slavery was the cause of the Civil War.
?
People will say the Civil War was about things like States’ rights to
protect themselves against the tyranny of the federal government, or
that the Civil War was waged because the North was economically
based on manufacturing and industry, and the South was based on
agriculture and they couldn’t co-exist with one another.
?
But if either of these interpretations were true, then the Civil War
would have started during the Nullification Crisis in the 1830s when
Andrew Jackson said that South Carolina could not declare a federal
tariff null in their state.
?
Moreover, when the Confederacy did secede from the Union, they
created a federal taxing system, a mandatory conscription of soldiers,
and a bureaucracy of 70,000 that was larger than the bureaucracy in
Washington DC.
?
Why wouldn’t that have led to more sectionalism among the
Confederates if it was really about States’ rights? In other words, if it
were about States’ rights, then the Confederate government would
have allowed the southern states to determine what kind of
government best fit each state. So it was not about States’ rights. The
Civil War was about slavery- Each of the arguments that people
suggest the Civil War was fought over beside slavery, like economics
and States’ rights, is still about the institution of slavery. And the
hostilities building through abolition, the Underground Railroad, the
Missouri Compromise, the Compromise of 1850, the Kansas-Nebraska
Act, Bleeding Kansas, and the Dred Scott Decision all demonstrated the
ongoing tensions over slavery.
JOHN BROWN
?
John Brown was a significant factor in the lead up to the Civil War because of his raid on Harper’s Ferry.
?
His raid on Harpers Ferry was a failed attempt to start an armed slave revolt in 1859 by seizing a United States
arsenal at Harpers Ferry, Virginia. Brown’s raid, accompanied by 20 men in his party was defeated after four days by
a detachment of U.S. Marines led by Robert E. Lee.
?
In fact John Brown had originally asked Harriet Tubman and Frederick Douglass, to join him in his raid, but Tubman
was prevented by illness, and Douglass declined, as he believed Brown’s plan would fail.
?
While insisting that the raid was too hopelessly and ridiculously small to accomplish anything … the state of Virginia
nevertheless spent $250,000 to punish the invaders, stationed from one to three thousand soldiers in the vicinity and
threw the nation into turmoil.
?
Brown’s insurrection raised significant questions.
?
If Brown’s insurrection was conducted by the work of a handful of fanatics, led by a lunatic man—then the proper
procedure would have been to ignore the incident, quietly punish the worst offenders and either pardon the
misguided leader or send him to an asylum…
?
But it wasn’t, and both southern elites and poor whites took it extremely seriously. Newspapers reiterated much of
the sentiment that this white northern agitator had come down to lead a slave insurrection and threaten the very
existence of southern society.
?
Reading the newspapers from this time, especially in South Carolina and Virginia, it became quite clear that
sectionalism was on the rise. That Southerners believed at the time that their way of life was under attack and the
adulation that northern radicals bestowed upon Brown after the failed raid did nothing but arouse contempt from
the South.
?
And it was true indeed within two years the nation was plunged into turmoil. Brown’s insurrection represented
something the slave-owners feared more than even Nat Turner’s bloody revolt—that was a white man trying to start
an insurrection on behalf of the slaves.
? The North had 22 million people
? The South had only about 9 million people, and of that 3.5
EVE OF CIVIL
WAR:
POPULATION
AND MATERIALS
STATS
million people were enslaved.
? The North manufactured over 90% of all goods in the
United States, this includes textiles, shoes, boots, guns,
and iron.
? The North had 2 times more railroads than the South, so
they could transport munitions and supplies over greater
distances.
ABRAHAM LINCOLN
?
Now it’s a misnomer that Lincoln was an abolitionist in the same way Frederick Douglass, or John Brown, or Harriet
Tubman were abolitionists.
?
Abraham Lincoln was an astute politician and he used the rhetoric of humanitarianism to appeal to Illinois voters, the
state that he represented. He did not keep the abolition of slavery at the top of his list of priorities, but close enough
to the top so it could be pushed there temporarily by abolitionist pressures and by practical political advantage.
?
When it was proposed to abolish slavery in the District of Columbia, Lincoln said this would be Constitutional, but it
should not be done unless the people in the District wanted it. Since most there were white, this killed the idea.
?
Lincoln refused to denounce the Fugitive Slave Law publicly. He wrote to a friend: “I confess I hate to see the poor
creatures hunted down… but I bite my lips and keep quiet.”
?
And when he did propose, in 1849, as a Congressman, a resolution to abolish slavery in the District of Columbia, he
accompanied this with a section requiring local authorities to arrest and return fugitive slaves coming into Washington.
He opposed slavery, but he did not see Black Americans as equals. So a constant theme in his approach was to free the
slaves and to send them back to Africa, and this idea was part of the Free Soil policy.
?
Now the sectional divide that was looming in the country in the aftermath of the Mexican American War and made
much more prominent after Bleeding Kansas and Harper’s Ferry, was patently obvious after the Election of 1860. In
effect two presidential campaigns took place.
?
In the North, it was a regular election between the two major parties: Democrats and Republicans ran. But in the
South, Republicans had no presence whatsoever. The three candidates, all of whom promised to preserve the
Constitution, that being to preserve slavery.
?
Well Lincoln swept in the North, with the exception of New Jersey, and received 40% of the national vote, which is all
he needed to win. But the South saw Lincoln’s ascension, the ascension of a Republican president, as an attack on the
interests of slave owners.
?
Within the first months of Lincoln’s presidency, seven states seceded from the Union.
MAP OF THE ELECTION OF 1860
? States began leaving the Union on December 20, 1860 and
this extended through June 8, 186.
? December 20, 1860: South Carolina secedes from the Union
– a state convention repealed the state’s ratification of the
U.S. Constitution.
? Over the next six weeks, Mississippi, Florida, Alabama,
JOINING THE
CONFEDERACY
Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas followed.
? Together these states established “The Confederate States
of America” as an independent, southern slave republic.
? The border slave states of Maryland, Delaware, Kentucky,
and Missouri remained with the Union: 50 counties in
western Virginia remained loyal to the Union and became
the state of West Virginia.
? April 1861: Battle at Fort Sumter led to the secession of
Virginia, Tennessee, North Carolina, and Arkansas.
MAP OF THE
UNION/CONFEDERACY
DURING THE CIVIL WAR
1861-1865

? “The people of Georgia having dissolved their political
THE STATE OF
GEORGIA ON
LEAVING THE
UNION
connection with the Government of the United States of
America, present to their confederates and the world the
causes which have led to the separation. For the last ten
years we have had numerous and serious causes of
complaint against our non-slave-holding confederate
States with reference to the subject of African slavery.”
? Note that the causes of complaint are couched in terms of
slavery and slaveholding.
? “Our position is thoroughly identified with
THE STATE OF
MISSISSIPPI ON
LEAVING THE
UNION
the institution of slavery– the greatest
material interest of the world…These
products have become necessities of the
world, and a blow at slavery is a blow at
commerce and civilization.”
? Notice here that international commerce,
not just national economics, and
civilization are all considered one
interconnected system with slavery. Here
slavery defines civilization providing a
means for living and organizing society.
? “In all the non-slave-holding States, in violation of that good faith and
THE STATE OF
TEXAS ON
LEAVING THE
UNION
comity which should exist between entirely distinct nations, the
people have formed themselves into a great sectional party, now
strong enough in numbers to control the affairs of each of those
States, based upon the unnatural feeling of hostility to these
Southern States and their beneficent and patriarchal system of
African slavery… They demand the abolition of negro slavery
throughout the confederacy, the recognition of political equality
between the white and the negro races, and avow their
determination to press on their crusade against us, so long as a negro
slave remains in these States.”
? Notice here that the reason for leaving the Union is because the
Northern crusade of abolition would see slavery ended and in turn,
the granting of political equality between white and Black people.
? “We affirm that these ends for which this
THE STATE OF
SOUTH
CAROLINA ON
LEAVING THE
UNION
Government was instituted have been defeated,
and the Government itself has been made
destructive of them by the action of the nonslaveholding States. … They have encouraged and
assisted thousands of our slaves to leave their
homes; and those who remain, have been incited
by emissaries, books and pictures to servile
insurrection.”
? Notice here that the reason for leaving the Union
is that Northerners are helping enslaved people
escape and stir up notions of Black freedom
which was considered destructive to government
from South Carolina’s perspective.
? “The Federal Government, having perverted said powers,
STATE OF
VIRGINIA ON
LEAVING THE
UNION
not only to the injury of the people of Virginia, but to the
oppression of the Southern Slaveholding States.”
? Notice here that Virginia thinks the federal government is
generally oppressive to slaveholding states.
CONFEDERATE
VICE PRESIDENT,
ALEXANDER
STEPHENS, THE
CORNERSTONE
SPEECH, 1861
?
This speech was given to a gathering of Confederate leaders in
Savannah, Georgia on March 21, 1861. This speech was delivered a few
weeks after Lincoln’s inauguration and a few weeks before the
Confederacy started the Civil War by firing at the U.S. Army at Fort
Sumter on April 12, 1861.
?
“The prevailing ideas entertained by [Jefferson] and most of the leading
statesmen at the time of the formation of the old constitution, were that
the enslavement of the African was in violation of the laws of nature;
that it was wrong in principle, socially, morally, and politically. It was an
evil they knew not well how to deal with, but the general opinion of the
men of that day was that, somehow or other in the order of Providence,
the institution would be evanescent and pass away. This idea, though
not incorporated in the constitution, was the prevailing idea at that
time. The constitution, it is true, secured every essential guarantee to
the institution while it should last, and hence no argument can be justly
urged against the constitutional guarantees thus secured, because of the
common sentiment of the day. Those ideas, however, were
fundamentally wrong. They rested upon the assumption of the equality
of races. This was an error. It was a sandy foundation, and the
government built upon it fell when the “storm came and the wind
blew.””
CORNERSTONE
SPEECH
CONTINUED
?
“Our new government is founded upon exactly the opposite idea; its
foundations are laid, its corner- stone rests, upon the great truth that
the negro is not equal to the white man; that slavery subordination to
the superior race is his natural and normal condition [applause]. This,
our new government, is the first, in the history of the world, based upon
this great physical, philosophical, and moral truth. This truth has been
slow in the process of its development, like all other truths in the
various departments of science…Those at the North, who still cling to
these errors, with a zeal above knowledge, we justly denominate
fanatics. All fanaticism springs from an aberration of the mind from a
defect in reasoning. It is a species of insanity.”
?
Notice that this speech advocated for a government and society based
on white supremacy and the enslavement of African Americans. The
speech went further to say that the Founding Fathers were
fundamentally wrong because there could be no such thing as all men
being created equal- the notion of equality of race was a fallacy for the
Confederacy.
MAP OF THE EFFECT OF
THE EMANCIPATION
PROCLAMATION (1863)
?
The Emancipation Proclamation didn’t
free most enslaved people because it only
freed enslaved people in the Confederacy,
which wasn’t even recognizing the
legitimacy or authority of the United
States’ federal government.
?
The federal government promised not to
interfere with slavery, but enslaved people
forced the issue and made the Civil War
about abolition.
?
The Emancipation Proclamation signaled
this new goal for the Civil War: to destroy
slavery in order to reunite the union.
?
Lincoln was reluctant, but it became clear
that he could not win without the
enlistment of Black men, and enticing
enslaved people in the South to run for
freedom and join the Union Army.
? Slavery had essentially ended for most enslaved people by
the time General E. Lee surrendered to the Union in April
1865.
? But Texas was the most isolated Confederate state, with a
smaller presence of Union soldiers. As such, it became the
place for white slave masters in the South to run to in order
to prolong the system of slavery.
JUNETEENTH
(JUNE 19TH)
? This also made it harder for enslaved people in Texas to run
to slavery.
? When the Civil War ended in April 1865 white slave owners
fought to preserve slavery in Texas.
? Juneteenth marks the day that Union soldiers flooded into
Texas to tell enslaved people that they were free.
? Juneteenth was and remains a day of celebration marking
the emancipation of the last enslaved people of the
Confederacy.
RECONSTRUCTION,
1865-1877
?
Reconstruction in 2 senses:
?
1: The Period immediately following the
Civil War
?
2: The actual, physical reconstruction
of the South in the aftermath of the
War.
?
Federal troops occupied the South to
make sure Reconstruction was
enforced.
?
Reconstruction ended because Federal
troops were pulled out of the South to
go fight Indian Wars in the West leaving
no one to ensure newly emancipated
slaves remained free to exercise the
rights and privileges of citizenship. So
the end of Reconstruction coincided
with a new wave of Native American
genocide and removal.
?
The legacy of this period is the 3
Reconstruction Amendments: 13th,
14th, 15th Amendments.
THE SHACKLE BROKEN,
1874
?
The Shackle Broken—by the
Genius of Freedom is a 1874
lithograph depicting black
congressman Robert B. Elliot
delivering a speech that
became the Civil Rights Act of
1875.
?
Consider: How does this
lithograph depict the hope
and possibility of
Reconstruction?
FREEDPEOPLE
AFTER THE CIVIL
WAR
?
After the Civil War, freedpersons (formerly enslaved individuals; freedman/freedmen;
freedwoman/freedwomen) and white allies in the North and South attempted to redefine the meaning and
boundaries of American freedom and citizenship.
?
Freedom, previously only a privilege for whites, now incorporated black Americans into its definition.
?
Similarly, Congress extended full citizenship through voting rights to black men during Reconstruction with
the passage of the 15th Amendment, even in the South.
?
African Americans created their own schools, churches, and other institutions. Central to African-American
freedom was a desire for economic independence, which began to be realized when General William T.
Sherman dedicated the Sea Islands and some southern coastal lands for freed people. Sherman also
promised African-Americans “forty acres and a mule,” for their enslavement and as a means for beginning
their labor toward genuine freedom, however this never was completely realized. Though many of
Reconstruction’s achievements were short-lived and defeated by violence and opposition, Reconstruction
laid the basis for future freedom struggles that are ongoing to this day.
?
Newly freed people embraced the new promises of freedom and citizenship.
?
Postwar, the destruction of slavery made the definition of freedom central to reconstructing the nation.
Whether freedom simply meant abolition of slavery or the expansion of African-American rights became a
terrain of conflict. African-Americans’ understanding of freedom was shaped by their experiences of slavery.
After the Civil War, African-Americans were eager to participate in activities forbidden under the slave
system.
?
The family was fundamental to postwar African-American life. Former enslaved people sought to find loved
ones separated from them by sale, and widows of Black soldiers won the fight to gain pensions from the
federal government, which acknowledged the status of slave marriages.
?
After the war, most Blacks also left white churches and established their own churches. Independent Black
churches, most notably Methodists and Baptists, grew rapidly, and the church became central to Black life,
providing an educational, social, and political space for the black community.
?
Freed people actively sought to improve themselves through education, which they hoped would allow
them to read the Bible, prosper, and participate in politics, and the first black colleges were founded at this
time.
?
?
?
?
?
Thirteenth Amendment: “Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude,
except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been
duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject
to their jurisdiction.”
Black Codes instantly sprang up in states to serve as a means of
imprisoning African Americans. They functioned as slave codes once
did. Some northern states had Black Codes before the Civil War (like
New York, Illinois, Indiana, Ohio, and Michigan).
Black Codes restricted Black people’s right to own property, conduct
business, buy and lease land, and move freely through public spaces. A
central element of the Black Codes were vagrancy laws. States
criminalized men who were out of work, or who were not working at a
job whites recognized. Failure to pay a certain tax, or to comply with
other laws, could also be construed as vagrancy. Some states explicitly
curtailed Black people’s right to bear arms, justifying these laws with
claims of imminent Insurrection.
Nine southern states updated their vagrancy laws in 1865–1866. Of
these, eight allowed convict leasing (a system in which state prison
hired out convicts for labor) and five allowed prisoner labor for public
works projects. This created a system that established incentives to
arrest black men, as convicts were supplied to local governments and
planters as workers. The planters or other supervisors were responsible
for their board and food, and black convicts were kept in miserable
conditions.
Consider: What phrases in the Thirteenth Amendment suggest that
enslavement or involuntary servitude was not completely abolished?
Why?
THE THIRTEENTH
AMENDME…
Purchase answer to see full
attachment